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Substitute check in United States
A substitute check (also called an Image Replacement Document or IRD)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Frequently Asked Questions: 10. What is the difference between an Image Replacement Document (IRD) and a substitute check? )〕 is a negotiable instrument used in the United States to represent the digital reproduction of an original paper check. As a negotiable payment instrument, a substitute check maintains the status of a "legal check" in lieu of the original paper check as authorized under the United States law ''Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act'' (Check 21 Act). Instead of presenting the original paper checks, financial institutions and payment processing centers electronically transmit data from a substitute check by either the settlement process through the United States Federal Reserve System〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act Foundation for Check 21 Compliance Training )〕 or by clearing the deposit based on a private agreement between member financial institutions of a clearinghouse that operates under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).
Substitute checks are recognized as legal checks as long as the instruments meet specific requirements. These requirements include the faithful reproduction of the paper check and warranty of the instrument by the "reconverting bank"—the financial institution that created the substitute check or the first financial institution that transferred or presented it during the check clearing process.〔(About Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act ). (March 1, 2006). U.S. Federal Reserve Board. Retrieved January 16, 2007.〕 Substitute checks are also subject to the UCC, existing federal and state check laws, and regulations specific to consumer rights that affect the acceptance of these instruments.〔 Although a substitute check is subject to the UCC and existing state and federal check laws, the Check 21 Act takes precedence over these other laws and regulations for this instrument.〔
==Specifications and standards==
The Accredited Standards Committee X9 (ASC X9), a standards development committee accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), maintains, promotes, and supports technical financial standards for procedures, delivery, and transactions for financial products and services that include Image Replacement Documents, and other financial instruments.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://x9.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/X9_Fact_Sheet_2014-8-20.pdf )〕 American National Standard (ANS) X9.100-140 covers specifications for the content, processing, and quality of Image Replacement Documents specifically.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.eccho.org/uploads/CTA%20Standards%20Revision%20V2.pdf )〕
Certain standards that exist for paper checks also apply to Image Replacement Documents. These standards include ANS X9.100-160-2 (Magnetic Ink Printing (MICR) Part 2 External Processing Code (EPC) Field Use), ANS X9.100-181 (Specifications for TIFF Image Format for Image Exchange), ANS X9.100-187 (Specifications for Electronic Exchange of Check and Image Data - Domestic), and Draft Standard for Trial Use (DSTU) X9.37 (Electronic Exchange of Check and Image Data).〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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